“Bipolar disorder isn’t about mood swings alone; it’s about the intensity and duration of those moods—and how they can turn life into a rollercoaster of emotions.”

What Is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by extreme mood changes—ranging from emotional highs (mania or hypomania) to intense lows (depression). It affects how a person feels, thinks, behaves, and functions daily.

It is not the same as typical mood fluctuations we all experience. Instead, bipolar disorder involves distinct episodes that can last days to weeks, significantly affecting work, relationships, and overall well-being.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) classifies bipolar disorder into several subtypes:

1. Bipolar I Disorder

• Characterised by at least one manic episode lasting at least 7 days.
• Depressive episodes often occur and typically last 2 weeks or more.
• May include psychotic features during extreme episodes.

2. Bipolar II Disorder

• Involves hypomania (a less severe form of mania) and major depressive episodes.
• Hypomania doesn’t cause full impairment but is still disruptive.
• More often misdiagnosed as depression.

3. Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia)

• Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression over at least 2 years (1 year in children/adolescents).
• Symptoms don’t meet full criteria for hypomanic or depressive episodes.

4. Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders

• For symptoms that don’t exactly fit the above criteria but are still impactful.

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Manic or Hypomanic Episode Symptoms

• Elevated or irritable mood
• Increased energy or activity
• Decreased need for sleep (feeling rested after 3 hours)
• Racing thoughts, rapid speech
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• Impulsive or risky behavior (spending sprees, unsafe sex, reckless driving)

Depressive Episode Symptoms

• Persistent sadness or hopelessness
• Fatigue or lack of energy
• Loss of interest in activities
• Difficulty concentrating
• Changes in appetite or sleep
• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors

Causes and Risk Factors

There is no single cause, but a combination of factors contributes:

Genetics

Bipolar disorder tends to run in families. First-degree relatives of someone with bipolar disorder have an increased risk.

Neurochemical Imbalance

Changes in neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine play a role.

Brain Structure

Neuro imaging studies show differences in the brain structure and function of individuals with bipolar disorder.

Stressful Life Events

Trauma, loss, or major life changes can trigger or worsen episodes.

Diagnosis

Bipolar disorder is diagnosed through clinical evaluation by a psychiatrist or psychologist. It involves:

• A detailed psychiatric assessment
• Medical history review
• Use of DSM-5 criteria
• Mood tracking over time

Misdiagnosis is common, especially confusing Bipolar II with Major Depressive Disorder.

Treatment Options

There’s no cure, but bipolar disorder is treatable and manageable.

1. Medication

• Mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium)
• Antipsychotics (for mania or psychosis)
• Antidepressants (often combined with mood stabilizers)

2. Psychotherapy

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)
• Family-focused therapy

3. Lifestyle Modifications

• Routine sleep schedule
• Avoiding drugs and alcohol
• Regular physical activity
• Stress management techniques

Living with Bipolar Disorder

Living with bipolar disorder is challenging, but many lead fulfilling, successful lives with the right support and treatment. Building a strong support network, monitoring mood changes, and adhering to treatment are essential.

Bipolar Disorder vs. Normal Mood Swings

Awareness and Stigma

Myth: Bipolar people are “crazy” or “dangerous.”
Fact: They are human beings with a treatable condition who deserve compassion, not stigma.

Raising awareness and educating society can reduce stigma and promote early intervention—which improves long-term outcomes.

Bipolar disorder is more than just emotional ups and downs. It’s a complex mental health condition that affects millions globally. With early diagnosis, consistent treatment, and a supportive environment, people with bipolar disorder can thrive.

At nellikka.life, we believe in shedding light on real mental health struggles—and showing that healing is always possible.

References :

1. What Causes Bipolar Disorder?
2. Understanding the Causes of Bipolar Disorder
3. Bipolar Disorder